Evaluation and modeling of benzalkonium chloride inhibition and biodegradation in activated sludge

The inhibitory effect and biodegradation of benzalkonium chloride (BAC), a mixture of alkyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium chlorides with different alkyl chain lengths, was investigated at a concentration range from 5 to 20 mg/L and different biomass concentrations in an activated sludge system. A solution containing glucose and mineral salts was used as the wastewater in all the assays performed. The inhibition of respiratory enzymes was identified as the mode of action of BAC as a result of oxygen uptake rate analysis performed at BAC concentrations ranging between 5 and 70 mg/L. The glucose degradation in the activated sludge at different BAC and biomass concentrations was well-described with Monod kinetics with competitive inhibition. The half-saturation inhibition constant (K_I) which is equivalent to EC₅₀ of BAC for the activated sludge tested ranged between 0.12 and 3.60 mg/L. The high K_I values were recorded at low BAC-to-biomass ratios, i.e. less than 10 mg BAC/g VSS, at which BAC was almost totally adsorbed to biomass and not bioavailable. BAC degradation started as soon as glucose was totally consumed. Although BAC was almost totally adsorbed on the biomass, it was degraded completely. Therefore, BAC degradation was modeled using two-phase biodegradation kinetics developed in this study. This model involves rapid partitioning of BAC to biomass and consecutive degradation in both aqueous and solid phases. The aqueous phase BAC degradation rate was twenty times, on average, higher than the solid phase degradation rate. The specific aqueous (k_I1) and solid (k_I2) phase BAC utilization rate constants were 1.25 and 0.31 mg BAC/g VSS h, respectively. The findings of this study would help to understand the reason of extensive distribution of quaternary ammonium compounds in wastewater treatment plant effluents and in natural water systems although QACs are biodegradable, and develop strategies to avoid their release and accumulation in the environment.     

污泥处理处置的认识误区与控制对策

根据我国污泥处理处置的现状，亟需解决管理体制、市场机制、标准体系、技术政策等方面的问题。提出了我国应在政策上明确污泥处理处置的直接承担主体是污水处理企业，政府高效监管是有效解决污泥处理处置问题的关键，同时尽快解决系统规划。现有的相关标准缺乏系统性、科学性，技术政策基本空白，应建立污泥处理处置的评估体系，制定有关建设和运行的保障性鼓励措施，包括财税政策的倾斜，促进污泥处理处置的市场化发展。     

Effect of feeding pattern and storage on the sludge settleability under aerobic conditions

The selection of filamentous bacteria is often assumed to be associated with specific microbial properties such as growth rate, substrate uptake rate, substrate affinity and potential for substrate storage. In this study we aimed to verify some of these factors. Sequencing batch reactor (SBR) systems were used to scale-down aerobic activated sludge systems with an aerobic selector. Adding acetate in different aerobic feeding periods allowed us to simulate a variable relative size of aerobic selector with different bulk liquid substrate concentrations. The experiments showed that as expected, the aerobic fill time ratio (FTR(ox)) and the corresponding feast period, which can be assumed similar to contact time in an aerobic selector, had a strong effect on the sludge settleability. Promoting a strong substrate gradient in the SBR (FTR(ox)<5.4%) resulted in good sludge settleability (SVI<120mLg(-1)). Whenever acetate was added in a limiting rate (FTR(ox)>6.2%), a condition in which the acetate concentration in the reactor was always very low, the sludge settleability decreased (SVI>150mLg(-1)). Sludge settleability could be improved by changing the feeding strategy to a pulse feed. The maximum specific acetate uptake rate and poly beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) production rate of bad settling sludge, including bulking sludge, was similar to well-settling sludge, which is not in accordance with the general assumptions that well settling sludge have a higher maximal substrate uptake rate and better storage capacities. An alternative hypothesis for the development of filamentous structures in biological flocs has been formulated. It is hypothesized that bulking sludge originates from the presence of substrate gradients in sludge aggregates. Whereas at low bulk liquid substrate concentration filamentous bacteria give easier access to the substrate at the outside of the flocs and thereby proliferate, at high bulk liquid substrate concentration there is no substrate advantage for filamentous organisms and smooth bacterial structures predominate. In this hypothesis there is no need for an intrinsic difference in kinetic parameters between floc and filamentous bacteria. Where presence of filamentous bacteria is related to process conditions, the presence of a specific filament is likely due to presence of a specific limiting substrate.     

半干污泥焚烧工程设计分析及探讨

为减少污泥运输体积,减轻污泥运输对环境的影响,污水厂出厂污泥处理趋势逐渐由含水率80%的脱水污泥转变为含水率40%~50%左右的半干污泥。上海市石洞口污泥处理二期工程采用“脱水干化(石洞口本厂污泥)+焚烧及烟气处理(泰和及石洞口污泥)”工艺,是针对半干污泥的焚烧工程。半干污泥接收储运采用“接收坑+抓斗提升”的方式,半干污泥焚烧产生的系统富余热能用于加热污泥调蓄池内的污泥,改善污泥浓缩脱水效果。在此基础上,进一步探讨了选址相对独立的半干污泥焚烧项目需注意的污泥泥质控制、热能利用方式及炉温控制措施等相关因素。     

Modelling of two-stage anaerobic digestion using the IWA Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 (ADM1)

The aim of the study presented was to implement a process model to simulate the dynamic behaviour of a pilot-scale process for anaerobic two-stage digestion of sewage sludge. The model implemented was initiated to support experimental investigations of the anaerobic two-stage digestion process. The model concept implemented in the simulation software package MATLAB/Simulink is a derivative of the IWA Anaerobic Digestion Model No.1 (ADM1) that has been developed by the IWA task group for mathematical modelling of anaerobic processes. In the present study the original model concept has been adapted and applied to replicate a two-stage digestion process. Testing procedures, including balance checks and 'benchmarking' tests were carried out to verify the accuracy of the implementation. These combined measures ensured a faultless model implementation without numerical inconsistencies. Parameters for both, the thermophilic and the mesophilic process stage, have been estimated successfully using data from lab-scale experiments described in literature. Due to the high number of parameters in the structured model, it was necessary to develop a customised procedure that limited the range of parameters to be estimated. The accuracy of the optimised parameter sets has been assessed against experimental data from pilot-scale experiments. Under these conditions, the model predicted reasonably well the dynamic behaviour of a two-stage digestion process in pilot scale.     

金属离子对活性污泥微生物影响研究进展

介绍了金属离子对活性污泥微生物的影响,对其影响的机理进行了研究,结合国内外有关金属离子对活性污泥影响的研究成果,提出通过研究投加金属离子而提高污水处理效果成为目前的研究热点。     

污泥堆肥化对重金属生物可利用性的影响

通过重金属形态分析及在模拟雨水、酸雨淋溶条件下重金属迁移实验和理论分析，研究了堆肥化处理对污泥中重金属生物可利用性的影响。结果表明：堆肥化处理使重金属的不稳定形态含量降低，原污泥在酸雨淋溶下重金属已经迁移到约16厘米深的土柱中，而经过处理后的污泥淋出液中的重金属含量很低，仅有少量污泥中含量较高的元素向土柱深层迁移。迁移量及深度明显低于未处理的原污泥。实验及理论分析均证明了堆肥化处理可以降低污泥中重金属在土壤中的迁移性，使重金属的生物可利用性降低。     

利用东湖淤泥制备超轻陶粒的研究

利用东湖淤泥为主要原材料,进行堆积密度小于500kg/m3超轻陶粒研制。结果表明:按照发泡组分与东湖淤泥比例为20%∶80%,600℃预烧15min,1180℃焙烧12min,制备出了筒压强度1.7MPa、吸水率13.4%、堆积密度为485 kg/m3超轻陶粒。     

城市污水活性污泥处理工艺的类型及关键设备

对我国城市污水处理中使用最广泛的SBR工艺、氧化沟工艺的类型及关键设备进行了系统分析和介绍，并结合主体工艺的不同特点阐述了各关键设备的工作机理、特点及技术参数。     

处理高浓退浆废水的UBF厌氧反应器启动研究

退浆废水碱性强、可生化性差,采用传统的活性污泥工艺处理很难获得满意的效果,为此重点研究了处理退浆废水时UBF厌氧反应器的启动及除污效能。试验结果表明,在中温[(35±3)℃]、进水COD为2 000 mg/L左右、HRT为24 h、有机负荷为2.0 kgCOD/(m3.d)、pH值为7.6左右的情况下约2个月就可启动成功,且对COD的去除率稳定,并培养出了能适应水质要求的厌氧颗粒污泥。经对YDT弹性填料和组合填料的挂膜进行比较发现:组合填料较YDT弹性填料挂膜快、三相分离效果好,对COD的去除率提高了2%~8%。